Pusher feed saw table loading device



JNVENTo ATTOHM'K 2 SHEETS--SHEET l A JOEMMNTEL, A BY:

Sept. 16, 1952 J MARcANTEl.

PUSHER FEED SAW TABLE LOADING DEVICE F1 Led July 30 1948 Filed July 50, 1948 J. MARCANTEL PUSHER FEED SAW TABLE LOADING DEVICE 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 z5 31 as ze 14 as a: a* so 40 25.. H l I9 -L e 2l zo u Z6 1 11 69 92 91 Ij. 3. u 'n :it 5 J9 f l 62 6 4 5J i l Il .f4 ras .ff

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ds MFCANTEL,

Patented Sept. 16, 1952 UNITED STATES PAT-ENT. f ortica 2,610,729 I g PUSHER FEEDl SAW yTABLE.O-AIING 'DEVICE'v Joe Marcantel'yOakdale, La..,.a.ssgnor. to I'Iillyel".v n

ration of Louisiana DeutschEdwards, Inc., Oakdale. L., a cox-pdf ApplcatiomJuly 30, 1948, :Serial-No. 41,647 13 Claims.- (Cl. 1984221) The present invention `relates to an improved loading table, and more particularly toga fdevice intended to provide a platform.or-table upon which individual elements may -be `assembledgin a desired grouping, and then.moved-,as groups. Qf one end of the table. Theprimary,object-ofthe invention is to provide, ina devicefof the character described, mechanism `for driving apusher., of such character that, whena control is -actuated to initiate operation of such mechanism, the pusher will be driven, from a lpredetermined station adjacentoneend of theftable; to a, predetermined point adjacent the voppositeendgofv the table, then returned to the starting point; and then stopped at that starting pointfall without further attention from the operator.

Further objects ofthe inventiony includeA the provision of improved mechanism` for accomplishing the aboveresults, and the-pr .rvision-,4 in connection therewith, of meansgfor" shifting fthe table transversely with respect to thedirection of movement of the pusher, and relative to aguide element; and the provision .of means, kmovable e with the table, for cutting Ythe-material-.to be moved by the pusher to a .desiredwidth Still further objects of the invention. will appear as .the description proceeds.

To the accomplishmentof the above and` re.- lated objects, my invention mayy beembodiedin the form illustrated in theaccompanying draw,- ings, attention being calledY tothe-fact, however, that the drawings are illustrative only, andthat change may bevmade in the specic construction illustrated and describedso long `asftlfiescopezof the appended claims is not violated. n

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of-a. loading rvtable constructed in accordancewith my invention;

Fig. 2 is a fragmentary longitudinalfsection showing a part of the automatic operating means;

Fig. 3 is a transverse section taken nearthe mid-point of the table;

Fig. 4 is a plan view of` the drivingmechanism illustrated in Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary sectionl takensubstantially on the line 5-5 of Fig. 4; and I Fig. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view showing the details of the mounting of a carrier with respect to the table. l

Referring more particularly tothe drawings, it will be seen that I have illustrated a pair of rframe members I0 and II, adapted to supportopposite ends oi a table I4for movement ,transverselyof the length of the table. If.desired, a...further number of similar lframe elementslmay bearranged at suitable points along/the lengthf the table.,k Dovetailed l*rails I2 and :I3 `arey arranged at the upper -ends-of theframezmembers .I0 and I I, andare received indovetailed grooves I6 and I8 4in bars I5 and-I1 -securedto the undersur-face of ftheA table. or platform I4.- Transversely arfranged upon. the 1 under ysurf ace .ofy the table vI 4 I provide oneor more ,-toothed racks I9 (Fig. 3'). each meshingfwithY agearfzn fixedtoa shaft `2| supported invsuitable bearings carried ,by the frame members -I D` and-.I I; and-I prefer toprovide a lcrank 22 (Fig. `l) upon at least 'one projecting endofthe shaf-t 2 I. It wwill beobvious that rotavtion ofthe crank22 in, one direction or `the other will produce .transversemovement of the `table I4 h.withrespect.tothe frame members `II! and II.

C. brackets' 23 and.y 24, carried` by the frame members I0-fand I I, respectively,` support a guide bar y25 at 1a level spaced slightlyaboveithe uppermost suriaceof .thetable I4,vsaid guide bar pro- .viding a surface k2li-facing .that yedge ofthe table I4 remote fromy `the. brackets.A 23 and 24, and parallel therewith. Ata Apoint intermediatthe ends ot thetable I4, and adjacent .that edge remoteff'romthe ,bracketsvZI-I arid 24, VI A,provide a .circular sawy Z1 carriedupori the-.spindle V2810i an. electric motor 9 .suitably secured to-the under surface of the table I4, a portion of the periphery of .said saw Yprojecting .through a suitableslot 30 formed. in .said table. It will -bejapparentthat adjustment of the-psition ofthe tablll.l4 by means of the crank 22 will vary the distance between the guide bar surfaceZEand thplane of the sawblade, which plane lisfpar'allel"with `the surface' 26.'

A bracket 3i seci'iredl to that edge of Vthert'able adjacent the brackets 23and-24 projects into proximity .with the saw 2], and there carries an arrn32, pivotally mounted at 33 and carrying a roller `34. A spring ,35 resilientlypresses the roller `341toward or intoengagement with the upper surf rface of.v thetable I4.. It will be obvious that the function of the roller ,34 is to hold material, being moved along thetable, intimately ydown into con-A tact with-the upper surfacepf the.table Apresserarm 36 is.pivotallymountedat 3l upon theu'pper surface. of the table I4,.the fixed end of said `arm. being located closer to, the,-adjacent ,edge of the .table than isthe plane ofv the saw..2'1., The opposite end ofthe armis urged toward the guide surface 26' by a spr-ing 38backed bya suitable abutmentmember Itwillbe obvious Vthat ,the. arm..3"6l,ac.ts to .press `material moving along. thetable AI4 -`toward,VV vand intoL intimate 4Contact .,witlli', the; gde surface 25.

Preferablvgthat'.portiorrAU of the table which 3 is located between the saw and the discharge end of the table and between the saw and the adjacent edge of the table. inclines downwardly and toward said edge, as is clearly to be seen in Figs. 1 and 3.

Substantially on the median longitudinal line of the table, there is formed a dovetailed groove or slot 4I in which is snugly and guidingly received a carrier block 42. The upper surface of the block 42 lies substantially flush with the upper surface of the table I4; and a plate 43 is secured to said block by means of a pivot bolt and a clamping bolt 46. The clamping bolt 46, as is clearly shown in Fig. 1, has its shank received in an arcuate slot 41 in the plate 43, thereby providing for adjustment of the plate 43 about the axis of the pivot bolt 45. A pusher bar 44 is carried on, or integral with, the plate 43, said pusher bar extending transversely in both directions from the carrier 42. said bar terminates short of the plane of the saw 21, while the other end 49 thereof projects to the edge of the table remote from said plane.

An electric motor 50 is connected by one or more belts 5I to drive a pulley 52 on a shaft 53 mounted for rotation and axial reciprocation in bearings 54 supported upon a sub-frame 55. The shaft 53 carries, between the bearings 54, a coned friction wheel 56 and, at an axially spaced point,

an oppositely facing coned friction wheel 51.

Said wheels 56 and 51 are arranged for alternative frictional driving engagement with a coned friction wheel 58 fixed to a shaft 58 suitably supported in bearings 60 carried by the frame 55. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the axis of the shaft 53 perpendicularly intersects an extension of the axis of the shaft 59, and the wheels 56 and 51 are therefore arranged to engage, alternatively, points diametrically opposed on the coned face of the wheel 58. As is most clearly to be seen in Fig. 4, the distance between the coned faces of the Wheels 56 and 51 slightly exceeds the lineal distance between the points on the wheel 58 to be engaged by the wheels 56 and 51, respectively. Thus, the wheels 56 and 51, which are fixed to the shaft 53, may obviously assume the positions illustrated in Fig. 4, a position in which the wheel 56 drivingly engages the wheel 58, or an intermediate position in which neither of the wheels 56 and 51 engages the wheel 58.

A lever 6| is pivotally mounted at 62 upon the sub-frame 55 and carries, at one end, a yoke 63 operatively engaging clutch collar 64 on the shaft 53, the collar 64 being axially fixed, but rotationally loose, relative to the shaft 53. A spring 65 has one end anchored on an ear 66 adjacent the opposite end of the lever 6|, and its other end anchored to a suitable abutment 61 on the sub-frame 55, said spring constantly urging the lever 6| to move in a counter-clockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 4, to hold the wheel 51 in driving engagement with the wheel 58. A link 68 connects said last-mentioned end of the lever 6I with one end of a lever 69 pivotally supported at 10 upon the sub-frame. The other end of said lever 69 is located adjacent an operating station; and a link 1| connects the latter end of said lever 66 with one end of a lever 12 pivotally mounted at 13 upon the frame element I0. The upper end of lever 12 hingedly carries a leaf 14 which rests upon the upper surface of the table |4 in the region beneath the guide bar 25.

The lever 6| is provided with an upstanding flange 15 adapted, when said lever has been One end 48 of 1 swung in a clockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 4, to be engaged in a notch 16 in a latch lever 11 (Fig. 5), thus to restrain the lever 6I against movement in a counter-clockwise direction under the influence of the spring 65. The arrangement of parts is such that, when the flange 15 is engaged in the notch 16, the wheel 56 will drivingly rengage the wheel 58. A spring 1S is connected to the lever 11 and anchored at 88 (Fig. 3), said spring tending to hold the lever 11 in such a position as to retain the flange 15 once said flange enters the notch 16.

The lever 11 is pivotally mounted at 18 (Fig. 5) on the sub-frame, and a link 8| connects said lever with the lower end of a lever 82 pivoted at 83 on the frame member II (Figs. 1 and 2). A leaf 84 is hingedly connected to the upper end of the lever 82, and rests upon the upper surface of the table I4 in the region immediately below the guide bar 25.

Splined on the shaft 59 is a drum 85, the arrangement being such that said drum rotates with the shaft 59, but may freely move axially with respect thereto. A cable 86 is wrapped about said drum 85, and one portion 81 extends from the drum, around a sheave 88 mounted at one end of the table I4, and, lying in the groove 4I, is connected to the adjacent end of the carrier block 42. The other end 89 of the cable projects in the opposite direction from the drum, passes around a sheave 90, mounted at the oppcsite end of the table I 4, and, lying in the groove 4I is connected at the opposite end with the carrier block 42.

Obviously, rotation of the shaft 59 in one direction will cause the carrier and the pusher 44 to be moved from their illustrated positions toward the opposite end of the table, while rotation of the shaft 59 in the opposite direction will cause the pusher to be returned toward its illustrated position.

Two fingers 9| and 92 (Fig. 3) are fixedly secured to the under surface of the table I4 and project downwardly therefrom, said fingers being provided with oppositely facing surfaces cooperable with the opposite ends, respectively, of the drum to maintain the position of the drum with respect to the table substantially constant, in spite of transverse adjustment of the table through the medium of the crank 52. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the mutually facing surfaces of the fingers 9| and 92 are spaced apart very slightly more than the distance between the opposite end faces of the drum 65, and therefore cooperate with the drum to shift said drum axially of the shaft 59 whenever the table I4 is shifted with respect to the frame members I0 and II. y

I prefer to thread a sheave 93 on each portion 81 and 89 of the cable B6, between the drum 85 and each sheave 88 and 9|), and to attach to each such sheave one end of a spring 94 whose opposite end is suitably anchored; this for the purpose of taking up slack in that portion of the cable which is, at any moment, being paid out from the drum.

The operation of the disclosed machine will be understood from the above description. A group of articles to be moved will be loaded on the table, in suitable arrangement, in the region between the pusher 44 and the saw 21. Now, the operator will swing the projecting end of lever 69 toward the sub-frame 55, thereby shifting the flange 15 into engagement with the notch 16, and moving the wheel 56 into driving engagement amargo witllthewheel t.` The motor 50will` drive-'the shaft 53ina clockwise direction-as viewed in Fig. 3, whereby engagement of the wheel 56-with the wheel 58 `will rotate the drum 85 ina direction to'wind in the rportion 89 of the cable86 and to payout the1portion 81 thereof. The carrier block 42 and the pusher block 44 lwill thereby be driven from their illustrated` positions toward the remote end of the table.` thereby carrying the articlesin front of the pusher past the Vsaw and toward said remote table end. Pieces cut away by the saw 21 will tend to `'fall' 4from the-inclined portionv 40 of the table;

As the pusher '44 approaches thefremotefendfof the table,v` the Aportion'49-of said 'pusher will' engage the-leaf 84 (Figs. 1 and 2)l 'to rock the lever r82in a counter-'clockwise direction: Suchmove@ ment of the 'lever 82,"transmittedthrough the link 8|, will lift the Vle'ver'v11'out `of lengagement with the ange Y15 on the lever -6I,- topermitthe spring 65 'to shift saidlever in acounter-clockwise direction as viewedv in Figxi 'to' move the shaft 53 and wheels 56 and 51 into the positions illustrated in Fig. 4. Driving engagement between the wheels 51 and158'wi1l', of course; cause rotation of the shaft r59 in the opposite direction, to pay out on the cable portion' 89and1to wind in the cable portion 81. 'Iherebvthey carrier block 4I and pusher will be vmoved-from the remote end of the table I4 towardtheir-illustrated positions. As the vportionV 49 of the pusher 44 approaches the righthand'end ofthe table I4 it will engage the leaf 14, and will begin to swing the lever 12 in a clockwise direction.- Such mo-` tion of the lever 12 is Vtransmitted'throughv the link 1I, to the lever .69 to^move said lever-and, through the link 68, the lever'l ina clockwise direction, as viewed in'Fig. 4.' Suchmovement of the levers 69 and 6l is resisted by the spring 65, and it will be clearthat the wheel 51 Vwill be moved out of driving engagement with the wheel 58'before the wheel 56attains driving engagement with said wheel 58. Since there vs no force, except that exerted through movement-of the pusher 44, which will vcontinue the swinging of the levers 69 and 6I, it will be apparent that, when the wheels 56 and 51 reach'fa neutral vposition, in which neither .isdrivingly' engaged with the wheel 58,` rotation'of the shaft V5!! will stop; and the motor 50 may continue to operate, without affecting the pusher 44,`until'the'operator again'manually shifts the lever 69.

It will be clear that, by substitutingv for/the leaves 14 'and 84,V or either-of them, otherileaves of different lengths, the terminal positions oi! the pusher 44'may be'suitably varied; and that a similar'result could be accomplished by making the leaves 14 and (i4, or either of them, `of variable length. n

The present invention has beenu designed primarilyV for' the Apurpose v'oi' moving glued `'core stock into an electronicsetting-machine; vand it is Aparticularly adapted for'that function; but-it will be clear that the machine has abroaderapplication and may be used wherever it is desired to move an assembled group of 'articles from an assembly point to a point of use, or a point at which some other operation thereupon is to be effected.

Iclaim as my invention:

l. A loading device comprising a table, apusher mounted on said table means for driving said pusher relative Yto saidA table, includingha rotary element,- means providing a drivingconnection between said 'rotary element and 'said pusher,

power deliveryy means, reversible power-transmission-means interposed between said powerdelivery `means and said rotar-y element,z means resilientlyv urging said transmission means -to/ a position to transmit power to said rotaryelee ment in one direction, latch? means operable, at times, to hold -said transmission means -in-faposi tion to transmit power to saidrotary-element in the other direction, means =movable `.with said pusherv for releasing 'saidlatch `means,-- after movement of said 'pusher in said: other. direction to a predetermined: degree, andmeanssactuated by said pusher; upon movement .thereoftoarpree determined degree Ain vsaid lone direction, tto yshift said transmission means to auneutralvv position.

2. The device of claim 1 including 'aframe supporting said '-table, means forshifting saidftable relative to vsaid 'frame in: a direction: transverse tothe lineof movement of said pusher,zwork, guiding `means stationarily supportedl ron 1 said frame A and overhanging said table insubstantial parallelism with the line of movement ofxsaid pusher, and means transversely -fixedvrelative to. said table and relative to said rotary;A element to enforce transverse movement ofsaid rctary'elefl ment'with' said table whereby Vthe driving con#y nection between said rotary element andsaid pusher is maintained unchanged during shifting adjustment of said table in. Isaid:` transverse fdirection.

3. The device of claim 2including Aa rotaryisaw mounted to rotate in a plane parallel with the plane of said workguiding.means,.means supe porting said saw on said table `with'its axis of rotation beneath Asaid table and .a portionzof its periphery projecting through said table, and drive means for said saw mounted on andmovable with said table.

4. The device of claim 1 includingaff-ramesupzporting said table and means for shiftingrsaid table relative to said frame in a direction transverse to the line of movement of said pusher, and in which said rotary element kis a shaft .mounted beneath said table on a fixed 'axis transverse to the line of movement of said pusher and azdrum axially-slidably'mounted on `said shaft 'to rotate therewith, and in which said driving connection comprises a `continuous strand havingitsmidfportion wrapped about said drum and extending oppositely from said drum to and/'about separate guide means adjacent oppositeends of said table and connected to said pusher;

5.' Thedevice of claim 4 including work-guide' ing means overhanging said tableand providing a guiding surface parallel with the line of-'movement of said pusher and fixed with respect'to said frame, and abutment means carried by said table to move therewith and cooperating ywith said drum to enforceV axial movementioffsaid drum in response to shiftingV movement 'of' said table.'

, 6. A loadingdevice comprisingfaftable, a pusher mounted on said table, means forfdrivingsaid pusher Arelative to said table; including a shaft mounted beneath said table on aiixed axis transverse to the line of movement of said pusher, a drum axially-slidably mounted on said shaft to rotate therewith, acontinuous strandhavingits midportion wrapped about saiddrum andextending oppositely from said drum to and about separate guide means adjacentopposite'ends-of said table and connected to Vsaicl'pusher and prof viding aA two-way driving connection between said drum andsaid pusher-power 'delivery'meana reversible rpoweretransmission means "interposed between said power delivery means and said shaft for driving said shaft and drum, means for shifting said table relative to said frame in a direction parallel with the axis of said shaft. Workguiding means overhanging said table and providing a, guiding surface parallel with the line cf movement of said pusher and xed with respect to said frame, and means depending from said table and movable therewith, said lastnamed means providing two facing surfaces spaced from each other, in the direction of extent of said shaft axis, by a distance slightly exceeding the axial length of said drum, each of said surfaces extending into cooperative relation with an end of said drum.

7. A loading device comprising a table, a pusher mounted on said table, means for driving said pusher relative to said table, including a shaft mounted beneath said table on a fixed axis transverse to the line of movement of said pusher, a drum axially-slidably mounted on said shaft to rotate therewith, a continuous strand having its midportion wrapped about said drum and extending oppositely from said drum to and about separate guide means adjacent opposite ends of said table and connected to said pusher and providing a two-way driving connection between said drum and said pusher, power delivery means, reversible power-transmission means interposed between said power delivery means and said shaft for driving said shaft and drum, means for shifting said table relative to said frame in a direction parallel with the axis of said shaft, workguiding means overhanging said table and providing a guiding surface parallel with the line of movement of said pusher and fixed with respect to said frame, and means depending from said table and movable therewith, said last-named means providing two oppositely-facing surfaces spaced from each other, in the direction of extent of said shaft axis. by a distance differing only slightly from the effective axial length of said drum, each of said surfaces extending into cooperative relation with an end of said drum.

8. In a loading device comprising a platform and a pusher mounted for reciprocation along said platform, drive means for said pusher comprising a reversibly rotary element, means connecting said rotary element to drive said pusher positively in either direction, a power delivery means, and power transmission means interposed between said power delivery means and said rotary element, said transmission means including a device having a neutral position and shiftable in one direction therefrom to a position providing a forward driving connection between said power delivery means and said rotary element and in the other dir ction therefrom to a position providing a reverse driving connection between said power delivery means and said rotary element, means biasing said device toward said last-named position, latch means cooperable with said device, at times, to hold the same in said first-named position, means actuated by said pusher at the forward end of its path to release said latch means, and means actuated by said pusher at the reverse end of its path to shift said device into its neutral position.

9. In a loading device comprising a platform and a pusher mounted for reciprocation along said platform, drive means for said pusher comprising a shaft, means providing a two-way driving connection between said shaft and said pusher, a friction wheel iixed to said shaft, a second shaft mounted on an axis transverse to the axis 8 of said first-named shaft, two friction wheels fixed to said second shaft and alternatively cooperatively engageable with portions of said firstnamed wheel located on opposite sides of a diameter of said wheel, said wheels on said second shaft being spacedapart a distance greater than the lineal distance between said portions of said first wheel, and means for concurrently shifting said last-named wheels in the direction of the axis of said second shaft, including a lever operatively connected with saidlast-named wheels, spring means cooperating with said lever to hold one of said last-named wheels in driving engagement with said first-named wheel, latch means cooperable with said lever, at times. to hold the other of said last-named wheels in driving engagement with said first-named wheel. means actuated by said pusher adjacent one end of its path to release said latch means, and means actuated by said pusher-adjacent the other end of its path to shift said lever against the tendency of said spring to move said one of said last-named wheels out of driving engagement with said firstnamed wheel.

10. A loading device comprising a table, a pusher mounted on said table, means for driving said pusher relative to said table, including a rotary element, means providing a driving connection between said rotary element and said pusher, power delivery means, power-transmission means interposed between said power delivery means and said rotary element and including a member shiftable between opposite extreme positions to reverse the direction of power output of said transmission and to an intermediate neutral position, means resiliently urging said member to one of said extreme positions, a latch engageable with said member to hold the same, at times, in the other of said extreme positions, means actuated by said pusher, when driven through said transmission during engagement of said latch with said member, to disengage said latch from said member, and means actuated by said pusher, when driven through said transmission with said member in said one extreme position, to shift said member, against the tendency of said resilient means, into said neutral position.

l1. In a loading device comprising a platform and a pusher mounted for reciprocation along said platform, drive means for said pusher comprising a reversibly rotary element, means connecting said rotary element to drive said pusher positively in either direction, a power delivery means, and power transmission means interposed between said power delivery means and said rotary element, said transmission means including a device having a neutral position and shiftable in one direction therefrom to a position providing a forward driving connection between said power delivery means and said rotary element and in the other direction therefrom to a position providing a reverse driving connection between said power delivery means and said rotary. element, means biasing said device toward said last-named position, a latch engageable with said device, attimes, to hold the same in said rst-named position, a linkage operatively connected with said latch and including an abutment member located in the path of forward movement of said pusher for actuation thereby to shift said latch to release said device, and a linkage operatively connected with said device and including an abutment member located in the path of reverse movement of said pusher for actuation thereby to shift said device against the power delivery means, power transmission means interposed between said power delivery means and said rotary element and including a member shiftable between opposite extreme positions t` reverse the direction cf power output of said transmission and to an intermediate neutral position, means resiliently urging said member to one of said extreme positions, a latch engageable i with said' member to hold the same, at times, in

the other of said extreme positions, a movable l abutment element, a linkage connecting said abutment element with said latch, striker means moving with said pusher, said abutment element` being disposed in the path of movement of saidr striker means for actuation thereby, as said pusher is driven in one direction through said transmission while said member is held by said latch in,"`

said other extreme position, to shift said latch and release said member, a second movable abut' ment element, and a linkage connecting said second abutment element with said member, said second abutment element being disposed in the path of said striker means for actuation thereby,

as said pusher is driven in the opposite direction', to move said member, against the tendency of said resilient means, to its neutral position. v

13. In a loading device comprising a platform and a pusher mounted for reciprocation along said platform, drive means for said pusher com-y prising a shaft, means providing a two-way drive lng connection between said shaft `and said pusher, a driven element rotationally fixed to said shaft, a second shaft mounted on an axis trans-v verse to the axis of said first-named shaft, two driver elements rotationally fixed to said second shaft and alternatively cooperatively engageable with portions of said driven element located on opposite sides of the axis of said rst-named shaft, said driver elements being spaced apart a distance greater than the lineal distance between said portions of said driven element, and means for concurrently shifting said driver elements in `the direction of the axis of said second shaft.

including a lever operatively connected with said driver elements, spring means cooperating with said lever to hold one of said driver elements in driving engagement with said driven element, latch means cooperable with said lever, at times, to hold the other of said driver elements in driving engagement with said driven element, means actuated by said pusher adjacent one end of its path to release said latch means, and means actuated by said pusher adjacent the other end of its path to shift said lever against the tendency of said spring to move said one of said driver elements out of driving engagement with said driven element.

JOE MARCANTEL.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS 

